Place the reserved shrimp shells, onion, head of garlic, bay leaves, kosher salt, and black peppercorns in a large pot. Cover with 10 cups of water. Bring to a boil. Reduce the heat to low and simmer, uncovered, for 30 minutes. Scoop out the garlic and transfer to a small bowl. Strain the stock through a fine-mesh sieve and discard the solids. Wipe out the pot and return it to the stove.